President Of The Executive Branch And The President Essay

Founded on the premise of a Republican Democracy where the three branches of government, elected by the people to which it governs, are held accountable to one another by one another, the expansion of the powers of the Executive Branch and the President is a troubling matter as it at times encroaches on the freedoms and liberties so granted to us as citizens of the country and the earth. This increasing of the powers of the President has ultimately made the President the most dominant force in politics in regards to foreign policy, but the role, or rather, the lack thereof from Congress in regards to foreign policy, has also lead to such an imbalance of power in terms of foreign policy. Because of those two reasons, I think that Congress should reaffirm and reassert their constitutional authorities on the matters of foreign policy, so that the President can be once again put in check. The President of the United States has the most control over foreign policy for several reasons, but primarily I will focus on two of them. First, of the powers prescribed to the President in the Constitution, some of the more powerful ones include their roles as the Commander in Chief of the military at large and as the Chief Diplomat of the United States. These two powers are pertinent to any foreign matters as the President is given the authority to, in essence, act as the leader of the country to all other countries whom he or she may talk to during negotiations or other matters. As theShow MoreRelatedThe President Is The Leader Of The Executive Branch1820 Words   |  8 PagesThe U.S. President is the leader of the executive branch. Elected at the same time, both the President and Vice President will serve the same four-year term. Clause 2 During the creation of this Constitution, the Electoral College was made to make voting much more organized. The number of electoral votes each state gets depends on the number of senators and representatives in Congress. That way, the number of votes is proportional to the state’s population. However, a congressman cannot be appointedRead MoreThe Framers Of The United States Constitution769 Words   |  4 Pagessystems of checks and balances. This means that no branch of the government would have absolute power over another. Each branch is independent. One particular established statutory limit to ensure the separation of powers is the selection of branch members by another branch. There is one exception to this, The President nominates judges and the Senate confirms the nominations. Sense then the correlation between the Congress and the President has been a continuing contentious relationship. ThereRead MoreThe National Government Of The United States1445 Words   |   6 Pagesgovernment, which include the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch, separate the government s power into a form of checks and balances. The system of checks and balances has been set in place to allow the three branches to limit the power of the other branches, this way, no branch is more powerful than the others. Each of these three branches of government will be further explained and the duties and responsibilities of each branch will be defined. The branches will alsoRead More Who Really Has the Power? Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe strongest branch of government is the Executive branch because it holds the most influential power of the Three (being the Executive, the Legislative, and the judicial branch) as well as many other informal powers. Though the strengths of each branch of government were meant to maintain equality in the government, due to informal powers, the executive branch can override a veto from either branch. In addition, the president, who is a part of the executive branch, is more or less the faceRead MoreThe Supreme Law Of The Land877 Words   |  4 PagesThe Executive Branch which carries out laws by the President of the United States, Vice President and Cabinet, whereas the Legislative Branch is where the Congress makes the laws. With each branch being able to change the acts of the other branches, this is only if a president vetoes a law that Congress has passed or if the Justice of Supreme Courts overturns an unconstitutional law and if Congress accepts (USA.gov). Even though the connection among Congress and the President of the United StatesRead MoreThe Government Of The United States1275 Words   |  6 Pages The government of the United States is divided into three parts- the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The vast amount of control within this government is split between the aforementioned three branches; and is also known as power. The definition of power as given by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is ‘[the] ability to act or produce an effect’, which in the instance of power within the government would imply the ability to produce an effect on the economy or wellbeing of the UnitedRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1490 Words   |  6 PagesLegislative branch, Executive branch and the Judicial branch. All the branches are based on the idea of separation of power in which each branch has a specific power and responsibility and don’t rely on the other two branches to operate. All three also use the system of check and balance in which each branch is monitored by the other two to keep it from becoming too powerful. Legislative Branch As outlined in Article 1 of the constitution, the first branch is the Legislative branch. It hasRead MoreThe System Of Checks And Balances Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesEven though there is a separation of powers, its clear to argue that the executive branch(President) is the most important branch and there are flaws in the system of checks and balances. II Signifigance of the Topic The system of checks and balances is an significant part of the Constitution because With checks and balances, each of the three branches of government can limit the powers of the others. so that, no one branch becomes too powerful. III Evidence related to topic 1.For example theRead MoreThe United States Government and Its Executive Branch698 Words   |  3 PagesThe Executive Branch America is called a democracy which means that the government is designed to be run by the people. Since it is a representational democracy, this means that instead of voting for everything directly, the people vote for others who will then make a great deal of the decisions regarding laws of the land. The United States government is comprised of three branches: the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive. Each branch is responsible for certain tasks which when all branchesRead MoreThe United States Federal Government Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesGovernment is comprised of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. To guarantee the administration is successful and nationals rights are ensured, every branch has its own particular forces and obligations, incorporating working with alternate branches.(Branches of Government  · House.gov n.d.) The legislative branch is comprised of the House and Senate, referred to all in all as the Congress. Among different forces, the legislative branch makes all laws, announces war, directs interstate

Cultural Diversity At The Twenty First Century Decade Essay

The Twenty First Century Decade, Outline Factors That Lead To Discrimination –and-Fairness Perspective and Explore Cultural Differences Managers Display Lereiya Edmonson Martin Class MGMT 630 Most organizations have identified factors that contributed to managers’ blindness to the impact of cultural diversity. In the twenty first century decade organization, have a direct impact on low productivity. Besides, diversity leads to ambiguity, disagreement on specific action and over complexity in the workforce. As a result, there is tension that is related to cultural diversity, which frustrates managers and cause lack of preparedness to deal with the sensitivity of cultural differences. To minimize on these impacts, managers are now addressing the challenges that factors the notion of cultural diversity; and managers are trying to transform culture to a culture of dignity, transparency, respect, fairness and trust. Cultural differences are critical issue managers face as there is an increase in cultural diversity in the workplace. This urge organizations in the twenty first century decade, to outline factors that lead to discrimination –and-fairness perspective and explore cultural differences managers display. It is believed that discrimination –and-fairness perspective is described as the most prevalent theory that concentrates on giving everyone an equal opportunity. However by applying this theory would change the manager’s perspective to consider fair treatment to theShow MoreRelatedCultural Diversity Has Impacted The Country1460 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica was built on one particular culture, but there are a multitude of cultures in America today. One questions how such cultural diversity has impacted the country. The primary influences of the early years of the United States were from Europe and its English settlers under British rule which cultivated the English language, British culture, legal system, and other cultural inheritances. The most influential was the Jeffersonian democracy which was one of two dominant political outlooks and movementsRead MoreProgressivism Within Twenty First Century Learning1203 Words   |  5 PagesProgressivism within Twenty-First Century Learning By Josh Fix Submitted to the Faculty of Columbus State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in Curriculum and Leadership Columbus State University Columbus, GA July 2015 By design twenty-first century learning prepares students to be successful, contributing citizens in the locale of today’s global society. Twenty-first century learning requires students to understand how to learnRead MoreEssay about Mgt 538682 Words   |  3 Pagesdemands that businesses practice cultural sensitivity when aiming for successful business integration into foreign markets. According to Deresky (2011, p. 31), â€Å"competing in the twenty-first century requires firms to invest in the increasingly refined managerial skills needed to perform effectively in a multicultural environment.† Managers and leaders need to develop the ability to motivate and negotiate using appropriate multicultural tools because cultural diversity affects not only business practicesRead MoreThe Emergence Of The New Literary Movement1072 Words   |  5 Pages It seems every few decades the literary ground shifts. Romanticism and Realism dominated the latter 18th century well into t he 19th century. Next came Modernism, arising in the 1900s. Soon after, postmodernism took stage in the 1950s. Now into the 2000s, authors have performed remarkable feats of literary creativity and diversity. Authors are evoking occurrences from the turn of the millennium—events and conflicts that are specific to the twenty-first century. The new forms, tropes and theoreticalRead MoreLeadership Vs. Classical Leadership1309 Words   |  6 PagesThis literature review is based on 21st Century Leadership. This review will provide a comparative discussion of the various leadership developments, theories and models, identifying similarities and differences based on a set of criteria selected. This paper begins with an introduction to viewing the ‘map’ of leadership, its theory and frameworks through the different contextual lenses of academic, practitioner and learner. It affirms the complementary importance of theory and practice and the abilityRead MoreThe Conventi onal Narrative Accounting For The Demographic Diversity Of The Caribbean1567 Words   |  7 Pagesnarrative accounting for the demographic diversity of the Caribbean asserts that after the ‘discovery’ of the islands by Columbus, disease and maltreatment by Spaniards decimated the Indigenous populations. The assumed extinction of these Indigenous populations necessitated the securing of a new supply of manual labour capable of surviving in the tropics and working the newly established plantations and mines. This supply started with European migrants at first, but soon turned to West African slavesRead MoreNative American And The Revolutionary War Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican’s were the first known settlers in North America, ten thousand years before Columbus came to the continent. Their origins completely unclear, anthropologists believe there were three to five million Native Americans in North America in the year 1492 (Hoxie and Iverson, 1997). As e arly as the Revolutionary War in 1775, European settlers started taking note of the Native Americans. Unfortunately, the Native American population plunged significantly in the first decades after their first contact withRead MoreWhat Did I Learn?895 Words   |  4 Pagesthe diversification of many of our countries school districts. For this reason, I wonder why in this decade of diverseness these children are taught by the typical white, middle class, Christian, female teacher? As a result of the heterogeneity of our schools, community, and country educators must incorporate instruction that blends the different cultures and experiences into the twenty-first century classroom. By integrating multicultural and global education, students will gain the knowledge, skillsRead MoreAn Organization Environment Can Have A Strong Effect On Employee Satisfaction And Productivity1699 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In our ever changing world organizations are required to change to meet the needs of employees and their customers. The organization environment can have a strong effect on employee satisfaction and productivity. (Bernerth, 2004).Over the past century many elements have changed as the economical boundaries have created the need for these changes. As society changes and the perspective of future leaders grow and inject their personal ideas things will continue to change. Change is relevant and toRead MoreMulticultural Competence Of School Psychologists1031 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural Competence of School Psychologists For more than two decades, school psychology has known about the necessity for, and importance of, developing multicultural competence (Fouad Arrendondo, 2007). From research, ethics, and practice standards, school psychologists and other school personnel have been aware that an effective school professional is multiculturally competent and able to make sense of students’ sociocultural, socioracial, and sociopolitical backgrounds that

Clinical Psychology Implications Treatment

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Psychology for Implications Treatment. Answer: Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a clinical condition associated with symptoms of low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities, impaired concentration and feeling of restlessness. The morbidity of the disease is associated with adverse outcome like poor interpersonal relationship as well as suicidal thoughts. The DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of MDD depicts symptoms of anhedonia (loss of pleasures in rewarding things) should be every day till a minimum of two weeks (Henriques Davidson, 2000). Recent studies indicate that continuous periods of depressive symptoms impairs the brain areas related to positive emotions and hence anhedonia becomes a cardinal symptoms of depression (Der-Avakian Markou, 2012). The brain mechanisms underlying anhedonia is very elusive and it is necessary to study the contribution of the brain reward system in the symptoms of MDD. To analyze reward-based reinforcement learning in depression, many fMRI studies had been done to analyze brain activities in targets area and determine the extent to which brains reward system is influenced by the disease. fMRI studies investigating reward processing in depression revealed that depressed patients mainly shows reduced activations to rewards and they had reduce anticipatory response after a winning trail (Pizzagalli, 2014). Behavioral studies have also indicated low-reward sensitivity in depressed participants and this was confirmed by the reinforcement learning parameters in the task. The study was done in control groups and depressed groups and the reinforcement learning model was applied in patients behavioral data. The findings showed that MDD patients had lacked reward-based decision making skills and they faced difficulties in carrying out many actions. Hence, people with depressive disorder show varying response to action (Kunisato et al., 2012). A study by (Naranjo, Tremblay, Busto, 2001) indicates that alterations in the neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine systems lead to depression and dopamines and serotonins mostly play vital function in it. Tryptophan depression leads to de creased flow in certain regions of brain and lead to depressive symptoms due the activation of orbitifrontal cortex, septal region and amygdala. Hence there are neurobiological overlaps between MDD and brain reward system and anhedonic symptoms in depression is due impairment of the brain reward system. There are also indications that impairment in brain reward system might reduce reward related learning outcomes of patients with MDD. This might also affect and challenge the maintenance of MDD in diagnose person. In such case person behavior will be affected as they will not be able to modify behavior in terms of pay-off condition of rewards. This factor explains why depressed patients mainly experience anhedonia and why anhedonia is a potential trait marker of MDD (Forbes Dahl, 2012). The question now arises whether reduced learning might normalize with treatment and this is a new area of investigation to determine the impact of reduced reward learning due to depression. One study investigated the relation between reward learning and MDD after 8 weeks of treatment. The patients and control subjects had to complete reward task to determine how reward functions regulates behavior of participants. The comparison of reward responsiveness between control groups and depressed patients r evealed that MDD patient have reduced learning and this is even higher in patients with high level of anhedonia than those with low level of anhedonia. It led to persisting symptom of depression even after treatment (Vrieze et al., 2013). Hence, it indicates that reduced reward learning might significantly affects treatment goals and new approach is needed to eliminate persisting symptoms of anhedonia in patients. Anhedonia is the main focus of attention while defining treatment plan for patients with depression. It is the most vulnerable factors that might severely affect health condition of diagnosed person. The functional magnetic resonance imaging tests have indicated that there is difference in key nodes of brains reward system that affects anhedonia symptoms. Anhedonia is correlated with reduced nucleus accumbens (NAcc), reduced NAcc volume and increased resting delta current density. As NAcc reward response is inversely associated with resting delta activity, it is predicted that delta might have a role in the brains reward circuit activity (Wacker, Dillon, Pizzagalli, 2009). Further research in this area might help in elucidating the neural basis of anhedonia. On research study tried to review the neural bases that lead to anhedonia and it was found that deficits in hedonic capacity mainly lead to the conditions and this has impact on reward related processes in the brain particularly in ventral striatum, prefrontal cortical regions and different projections. This understanding might play a great role in addressing reward related deficits in patients with MDD (Der-Avakian Markou, 2012). Further extension to thought can be given by the idea that MDD is associated with poor neurobiological response to pleasant stimuli and psychotherapy has the potential to normalize this response. A study with MDD adults was done who completed fMRI scans and received behavioral activation therapy. The findings showed that psychotherapy lead to functional changes in structures that mediate award response. Hence, it can help to improve reward related functions of patients (Dichter et al., 2009). Diagnosis of MDD may lead to low striatal response and high medial prefrontal response to rewards. As there is change in the dopamine system and the reward functions due to aging, the altered reward functions is more prominent in depression (Forbes Dahl, 2012). The purpose of this research is to study response to reward-based reinforcement learning in depression and investigate the implications of altered reward functions on treatment development. The fMRI study will help in in vivo identification of brain regions involved in cognitive and motor processes in participants (Chau et al., 2004). It is expected that findings from this study will have great clinical implications by suggesting target areas for treatment of depressive patients. The fMRI study will help determine the specific brains which get affected by MDD and accurate clinical intervention will be given based on this results. Aim of the research: The main aim of the research is to conduct and fMRI study in healthy controls and depressed participants to analyze reward-based reinforcement learning in depression. Research objective The main objectives of the research are as follows: To determine the association between rewards and dopamine activities on health control and depressive individual through fMRI study. To analyze the concept of reward processing by means of reward-based enforcement learning in participants. To compare actions of health control and depressed subjects on a verbal memory task based on conditions on reward based reinforcements. To utilize results from the study to identify activation of different regions of brain and take adequate actions to modify behavior and treat depressed patients. Research question The research questions for the study are as follows: What is the difference between the brain reward systems of healthy controls and depressed patients? How reward processing differs in participants by means of reward-based reinforcement activities? How the action of control and MDD subjects differs based on monetary pay off of rewards? In what way findings of the results could be used to treat symptoms of depressive patients? Literature review: Tremblay and Mayberg (2005) have described the pathway called the brain reward system which plays a major in the mediation of reward behaviors and that of motivation. They have stated how the neurological pathway system that is involved is responsible for providing rewards which serve elicit approach and as well as consumatory behaviors that will be helpful in inducing subjective feelings based on pressure and also for positive emotional states. They also help to prevent extinction. While conducting research on it, it was suggested by them that there might be a neuroanatomical substrate which will be responsible for the feeling of anhedonia. Anhedonia takes place when an individual cannot experience pleasure as a rewarding attitude. To test this they used a compound called the destroamphetamine substrate in participants severely affected with the major depressive disorder. When tested it was seen that the compound was able to induce the release of dopamine form the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. This resulted in enhanced rewarding effect which indicated altered reward processing in MDD. They have thereby used the functional magnetic resonance imaging called the fMRI along with that of the positron emitting tomography in order to study the varieties of the human neuroanatomical substrates that remain in close association with the positive subjective experiences after the reinforcement of the drugs such as destroamphetamine and also nicotine. The technique of the fMRI is used because it provides a higher superior temporal and spatial resolution (Clark, Chamberlain Sahakian, 2009). It also helps in visualizing brain activity and also because it does not use radioactive tracers. These proved that dopamine related neuroanatomical substrates are intricately associated with altered rewarding processing in MDD (Der-Avakian Markou, 2012). A similar study was supported by Santesso et al. in the year 2008 which stated that the phasic modulation that take place in the dopamine neurons of the midbrain during the reinforcement learning is conveyed to the dACC which is often termed as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and alo in BG called the basal ganglion. They are mainly responsible for adaptive responding. The scientists used the electrophysiological studies of daCC function which mainly focuses on the probabilistic reward learning in healthy subjects. The task that they used, for the study, mainly corporated the integration of reinforcement history over time. When comparisons were made between the learners and the non learners, learners showed more positive feedback related negativity but greater dACC activation when they received reward for the proper identification of the stimulus. The patients were allowed to take part in a monetary incentive delay (MID) task that was administered during the Functional resonance imaging. When comparisons were made again, the learners showed stronger BG response in the reward for the MID task. All these prove that there is a higher possibility that learners who were under the probabilistic reinforcement task are characterized by stronger responses from dACC and BG in case of rewarding outcomes. These suggested that dACC indeed played a very important role in probabilistic reward learning in humans. The above study was supported in the article of the scientists namely Di Martino et al. in the year 2008 which showed that indeed basal ganglion has a major role in clinical disorders of mental health and has been proved by the fMRI. Basal ganglia take part in a number of activities like motivational, cognitive motor and emotional processes and thereby plays a very crucial role in the varieties of neurological and psychiatric disorders (Foti and Hajkack, 2009). Researchers here also used the functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment for conducting a comprehensive functional connectivity analysis of the circuitry system of the basal ganglia. Voxelwise regression analysis has shown to provide the proof of the hypothesized cognitive motor and affective divisions mainly among the striatal subdivisions. It also provided a solid evidence of the functional organization consistence with the parallel and the integrative loop models. This process also helped them to identify subtle dist inction in the striatal sub regions. They have shown that the inferior ventral striatum remains associated with the medial portions of the orbitofrontal cortex. They researched that superior striatal seed remains associated with medial and lateral portions. These had been a big help to the science world for the treatment of the disorders. This ability found to map the multiple distinct striatal circuits within a particular study in humans is the main strength of the fMRI technique. This approach therefore has been found to be extremely helpful for these disorders of the mental health that suffer from altered structure and function of the basal ganglia (Robinson et al., 2012). Also other studies conducted by Henriques and Davidson (2000) have revealed that the left anterior hypoactivation remains present in the brain of the expressed individuals. Thos in turn have found to be the main result of the decrease in the approach related motivation and behavior in the depressed individual. For this the researchers conducted a trial between the depressed participants meeting the DSM IV criteria for major depression and another group of non depressed participants. The control group was successful in maintaining the reinforcement learning technique as they changed their pattern of responses in both the rewards and the punishment situations in relation to their neutral conditions so that they could have maximized their earning. However such a response was not shown by the depressed participants who were in the depressed categories. The findings from this study also reported of the decreased responsiveness to the reward in case of the depressed participants. Through t horough research they have been able to find out that the left prefrontal hypoactivation which is mainly found in cases of depression reflects a deficit in the approach related behavior. Researcher Niv in the year 2009 had published his research which had shown that decision making processes that are adopted by different animals and also human beings usually follow a neural framework. It can be connected with specific learning pathways that have links to neural substrates having specific roles for each. These pathways are often found to link with the dopaminergic neurons signals in the mammalian brains and this is well observed from the various human brain imaging procedures (Chau, Roth Green, 2004). He had clearly stated that reinforcement learning mainly helps in evaluating the activity of the decision making process and to earn the best reward from it. There are many cases where the mentally ill patient feels incomplete even when receiving rewards which might not be the best but can be pleasurable. Evidences have been given by Whitton, Treadway and Pizzagalli in the year 2015 that in many cases of disorders like bipolar disorders, depression, schizophrenia and ot hers, reward processing abnormalities take place when the various parts of the neural processes are altered. They have proved this through experiments where they have dissected the different subcomponents of the reward processing components. They have studied these effects on the different neurobiological pathways and thereby investigated their dysregulation in different disorders of mental health patients. They have even suggested that this type of experiments holds a great strength in future. From these statements one can relate how reinforcement learning pathway may affect the reward based decision making and deliver better results. Dayan and Niv (2008) have stated that neural reinforcement learning technique is a dynamic field that has not refined confined to its conventional approach of narrow confines of the trial and error reward learning method. It had now been exposed in a near overwhelming rate where they have been successful in connecting the substantial theoretically motivated and the informative animal studies with that of the human neuroimaging results. A new set of data have been also achieved by them like cyclic volta-metric measurements of the phasic dopamine concentrations, results on serotonin kevel, and many others. They have also observed the nascent t efforts to activate DA cells in vivo using the new types of optogenic methods like the targeted channel rhodopsin which is believed to help the reinforcement model to give more success in the future. Ethical considerations The research will be conducted on depressed participants and hence all the codes of ethics mentioned in the Australian Psychological Society will be followed to minimize any risk to participants. Before sample recruitment, all participants will be informed about the purpose of research and the detailed procedure of research. They will be ensured that their confidentiality will be protected and the identity of the participants will not be revealed at all circumstances (Ritchie et al., 2013).Hence, all participants will be selected after taking informed consent from them regarding the research. As the research will also include patients with MDD, they will be diagnostically tested before the research to assess health risk or suicide related intentions in participants. Ethical issues related to the publication of the research findings will also be looked after and researcher will ensure that no confidentiality issue arises (Clarke Cossette, 2016). As this research aims to modify the stimulate human brain through reward based activities, any devastating impact of brain related conditions will assessed before the research (Cabrera et al., 2014). The neuroethics related to fMRI will also be considered by addressing all the ethical and legal considerations in neuroscience clinical practice. The challenges may arise in fMRI techniques and this problem will be looked after by experts groups who have better understanding about the neural mechanism of conscience, emotion and social behavior in participants. It will also help to address reporting biasness in the fMRI results (David et al., 2013). Treatment of results It is predicted that the findings of the results will give insight into the range of abnormalities in brain areas of participants and the effect of the structural impairment on reward based learning in participants. It will give idea whether the research finding has proved the hypothesis or conflicting results have been found. If the result is consistent with the research hypothesis, it is intended further extend the research to study the brain structure abnormalities on response rate of participants. Future research in this area could help to determine the sensitivity to reward functions of depressed patients and thinks of ways to treat their symptoms. It will give idea regarding a more efficacious treatment and interventions strategies for MDD patients. The research finding will help to answer several questions related to the pathophysiology of depression and confirm whether behavioral activation treatment will benefit patients depression or not. It also holds promise for studying basal ganglia dysfunction in MDD patients (Di Martino et al., 2008). Good time planning As the data collected after the experiment will be evaluated only after fMRI studies, some delay might also occur in the process. Furthermore the analysis of the brain structure will take time, hence it is planned to overcome this delay by engaging expert neurologist in the research. (Robinson et al., 2012). Behavioral and neuropsychological research also indicates delayed actions occur due to different neural substrates and it will lead to delay in visual or action related response. Based on these issues, the time required for completion of the research process will be determined accordingly (Singhal et al., 2013). Reference Cabrera, L. Y., Evans, E. L., Hamilton, R. H. (2014). Ethics of the electrified mind: defining issues and perspectives on the principled use of brain stimulation in medical research and clinical care.Brain topography,27(1), 33-45. Chau, D. T., Roth, R. M., Green, A. I. (2004). The neural circuitry of reward and its relevance to psychiatric disorders.Current psychiatry reports,6(5), 391-399. Clark, L., Chamberlain, S. R., Sahakian, B. J. (2009). Neurocognitive mechanisms in depression: implications for treatment.Annual review of neuroscience,32, 57-74. Clarke, S. P., Cossette, S. (2016). Secondary analysis: Theoretical, methodological, and practical considerations.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,32(3). David, S. P., Ware, J. J., Chu, I. M., Loftus, P. D., Fusar-Poli, P., Radua, J., ... Ioannidis, J. P. (2013). Potential reporting bias in fMRI studies of the brain.PloS one,8(7), e70104. Dayan, P., Niv, Y. (2008). Reinforcement learning: the good, the bad and the ugly.Current opinion in neurobiology,18(2), 185-196. Der-Avakian, A., Markou, A. (2012). The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits.Trends in neurosciences,35(1), 68-77. Di Martino, A., Scheres, A., Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M. C., Uddin, L. Q., Shehzad, Z., ... Milham, M. P. (2008). Functional connectivity of human striatum: a resting state FMRI study.Cerebral cortex,18(12), 2735-2747. Dichter, G. S., Felder, J. N., Petty, C., Bizzell, J., Ernst, M., Smoski, M. J. (2009). The effects of psychotherapy on neural responses to rewards in major depression.Biological psychiatry,66(9), 886-897. Forbes, E. E., Dahl, R. E. (2012). Research review: altered reward function in adolescent depression: what, when and how?.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,53(1), 3-15. Foti, D., Hajcak, G. (2009). Depression and reduced sensitivity to non-rewards versus rewards: Evidence from event-related potentials.Biological psychology,81(1), 1-8. Henriques, J. B., Davidson, R. J. (2000). Decreased responsiveness to reward in depression.Cognition Emotion,14(5), 711-724. Kunisato, Y., Okamoto, Y., Ueda, K., Onoda, K., Okada, G., Yoshimura, S., ... Yamawaki, S. (2012). Effects of depression on reward-based decision making and variability of action in probabilistic learning.Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry,43(4), 1088-1094. Naranjo, C. A., Tremblay, L. K., Busto, U. E. (2001). The role of the brain reward system in depression.Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,25(4), 781-823. Niv, Y. (2009). Reinforcement learning in the brain.Journal of Mathematical Psychology,53(3), 139-154. Palminteri, S., Justo, D., Jauffret, C., Pavlicek, B., Dauta, A., Delmaire, C., ... Pessiglione, M. (2012). Critical roles for anterior insula and dorsal striatum in punishment-based avoidance learning.Neuron,76(5), 998-1009. Pizzagalli, D. A. (2014). Depression, stress, and anhedonia: toward a synthesis and integrated model.Annual review of clinical psychology,10, 393-423. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Robinson, O. J., Cools, R., Carlisi, C. O., Sahakian, B. J., Drevets, W. C. (2012). Ventral striatum response during reward and punishment reversal learning in unmedicated major depressive disorder.American Journal of Psychiatry,169(2), 152-159. Santesso, D. L., Dillon, D. G., Birk, J. L., Holmes, A. J., Goetz, E., Bogdan, R., Pizzagalli, D. A. (2008). Individual differences in reinforcement learning: behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging correlates.Neuroimage,42(2), 807-816. Singhal, A., Monaco, S., Kaufman, L. D., Culham, J. C. (2013). Human fMRI reveals that delayed action re-recruits visual perception.PLoS One,8(9), e73629. Treadway, M. T., Zald, D. H. (2011). Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,35(3), 537-555. Tremblay, L. K., Naranjo, C. A., Graham, S. J., Herrmann, N., Mayberg, H. S., Hevenor, S., Busto, U. E. (2005). Functional neuroanatomical substrates of altered reward processing in major depressive disorder revealed by a dopaminergic probe.Archives of general psychiatry,62(11), 1228-1236. Vrieze, E., Pizzagalli, D. A., Demyttenaere, K., Hompes, T., Sienaert, P., de Boer, P., ... Claes, S. (2013). Reduced reward learning predicts outcome in major depressive disorder.Biological psychiatry,73(7), 639-645. Wacker, J., Dillon, D. G., Pizzagalli, D. A. (2009). The role of the nucleus accumbens and rostral anterior cingulate cortex in anhedonia: integration of resting EEG, fMRI, and volumetric techniques.Neuroimage,46(1), 327-337. Whitton, A. E., Treadway, M. T., Pizzagalli, D. A. (2015). Reward processing dysfunction in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.Current opinion in psychiatry,28(1), 7.

Medicare and Medicaid in California

Introduction The need to get better health care services is a mandatory requirement by all citizens irrespective of their age, race, tribe or political affiliations. Nations have developed their health institutions to ensure everybody gets quality health services that are also affordable. The state of California and other states have programs that ensure all people get health services without struggling.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medicare and Medicaid in California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They have established the Medicaid and Medicare services that ensure all citizens are guaranteed proper medical services. This essay explores how these programs have been incorporated in California’s healthcare systems to ensure people get quality services. Medicaid This program was established to ensure all people who have financial difficulties access medical services without constraining their budgets. T his means that this program offers subsidized services for all poor people and those that are disadvantaged in the society. It is crucial to state that this program is not offered to everybody except those that have limited sources of income and are low income earners. This means that people earning above the average pay are not allowed to subscribe to this program. This program gives direct qualification to anyone who receives CalWORKs, foster care assistants and those that are entitled to receive Supplementary Security Income. Another group of people who can get this service includes those that have physical disabilities like the blind, pregnant, people aged less than 21 and those aged more than 65 years. People operating child care centers and nursing homes are eligible to this program since they take care of children aged 21 years. This favor is also given to foster parents and those living and taking care of children aged below 21 years. The California Department of Health Care Services (CDHCS) administers this program by offering an identification card that contains all the details of the beneficiary and the provisions under this program. The following are also observed before consent is granted to a person to enroll in this program. A person must have assets not exceeding $2000 or if the person is married their total should not be more than $3000. Medicare This program exists to take care of the old people in California. This means they must have attained 65 years of age or more to qualify for it. It ensures that all old and retired people continue to get quality medical services through subsidizing their health expenses. They are allowed various privileges provided they have their membership cards. The federal government offers this insurance scheme to ensure that all young people with various physical disabilities. This provision favors most people who already have disability insurance benefits and social security retirement advantages. In California this service is offered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. They ensure they have all the details of their clients concerning their hospital and medical insurances and when they began.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most people have both Medicaid and Medicare and use them to help pay for their health care needs. In this case Medicare precedes Medicaid since it has more rooms to accommodate various conditions. Beneficiaries are always advised to present both cards when seeking medical services to ensure they get maximum services. There are various health insurance providers and people are advised to seek services from providers that accept these two cards. This ensures that there will never be delays or useless expenses when seeking medical assistance. This essay on Medicare and Medicaid in California was written and submitted by user Michaela Howe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.